Theoretical Frameworks or Perspectives in Psychology Essay Example for Free

Theoretical mannequins or Perspectives in Psychology EssayInitially psychology was essential using the mental sen erant expressed by persons interested in developing the subject of psychology. besides John B. Watson differed from that draw near and he pi unityered the approach in which visible deportment and visible environmental foreplay became the subject of study. B. F. Skinner developed this portistic framework further by bringing in the dependent upon(p) environmental consequences. Behavior is non the outcome of excitant alone, but it is an outcome visualized by the stimulation as well as the contingent environmental consequences of a demeanour. This performer, there are alternative behaviors for the equal stimulus and which behavior is exhibited by a person depends on expected environmental consequences. Cognitive attitude on psychology have developed by arguing that human beings are capable of thinking and concepts related to thinking must be brought into the subject of psychology whose objective is to explain behavior. Even though, one cannot see or observe thinking, still developing concepts related to thinking and using the concepts to explain behavior is required in psychology.Even though one cannot see or observe gravitation, the concept of gravitation is a useful concept in physics. Similarly, concepts related to thinking or cognition are to be developed and used in psychology was the argument of propopents of congitive approach to psychology. The perspectives in psychology have influenced the ontogeny of organizational behavior. Cognitive Framework Cognitive approach emphasizes the positive and freewill aspects of human behavior and uses concepts much(prenominal) as fore mentation, demand, and intention.Cognition can be simply defined as the act of knowing an fact of selective information. In cognitive framework, cognitions precede behavior and constitute input into the persons thinking, perception, problem solving, and information processing. The work of Edward Tolman can be used to represent the cognitive theoretical approach. According to Tolman, learning consists of the prediction that a particular event will leadership to a particular consequence. This cognitive concept of expectancy implies that organism is thinking about, or is conscious or aware of the goal and result of a behavior exhibited by it.It means that a person desires a goal and also knows the behavior that will lead to achievement of the goals. In the subject of organizational behavior, cognitive approach dominates the units of analysis such as perception, constitution and attitudes, motivation, behavioral decision making and goal setting. Behavioristic Framework Pioneer behaviorists Ivan Pavlov and Jon B. Watson stressed the importance of perusing observable behaviors instead of the elusive mind. They advocated that behavior could be best understood in toll of stimulus and response (S-R).They examined the impact of stimulus and felt that learning occurred when the S-R connection was made. Modern behaviorism, that marks its beginning with B. F. Skinner, advocates that behavior in response to a stimulus is contingent on environmental consequences. Thus, it is important to note that behaviortistic approach is based on observable behavior and environmental variables (which are also observable). Social Cognitive Framework Social learning theory takes the position that behavior can best be explained in terms of a continuous reciprocal interaction among cognitive, behavioral, and environmental determinants.The person and the environmental situation do not function as independent units but, in conjunction with behavior itself, reciprocally interact to determine behavior. It means that cognitive variables and environmental variables are relevant, but the experiences generated by previous behavior also partly determine what a person becomes and can do, which, in turn, affects subsequently behavior. A persons co gnition or understanding changes jibe to the experience of consequences of past behavior. Bandura developed favorable learning theory into the more comprehensive social cognitive theory (SCT).Stajkovic and Luthans have translated this SCT into the theoretical framework for organizational behavior. Social cognitive theory recognizes the importance of behaviorisms contingent environmental consequences, but also includes cognitive processes of self regulation. The social part acknowledges the social origins of much of human thought and action (what individual learns from society), whereas the cognitive portion recognizes the influential contribution of thought processes to human motivation, attitudes, and action.In social cognitive theoretical framework, organizational participants are at the same time both carrefours and producers of their personality, respective environments, and behaviors. The participants as a group of produce the environment, every individual is a result of th e enironment and through his behavior changes the environment for others as well as for himself, every individual is a product of his personality, but also influences his personality as consequence of results of his behavior.