Engineering Materials Essay on Polypyrrole Essay Example for Free

Engineering Materials Essay on Polypyrrole Essay 1.0 Introduction to Polypyrrole The reason of this report is to determine the effects of temperature on the thermal, physical and mechanical properties of Polypyrrole. And then conclude the possible applications of this polymer according to its properties. Known as the conducting polymer, it is a black insoluble material according to Richard Doyle (2011), usually in the form of a thin film. It was the first polyacetylene-derivative to show high conductivity. Over the years it has become one of the most studied and extensively applied conducting polymer due to the reason being that it can be easily prepared, has high conductivity and has relatively greater stability amongst other heteroatom containing polymers. It is made up of monomers that are amines attached to aromatic rings. Some of the physical properties of Polypyrrole, as mentioned on WolframAlpha (2011), it has a Melting Point temperature of  573.15K and as identified by T.F. Otero, J.J Lopez Cascales and G Vazquez Arenas. (2005), Young’s Modulus was found to be of 310 MPa. The Glass Transition State, as indicated by P. Syed Abthagir and R. Saraswathi (2004), in their report Thermal stability of polypyrrole prepared from a ternary eutectic melt, was found to be 545k. 2.0 Methodology of the simulation tests In order to determine the effect of Temperature on Polypyrrole, simulations were carried out using the simulation software called Materials Studio. 2.1 Model Generations 1) The monomer of polypyrrole known as pyrrole was imported from software library and shown. To make presentable the display style was chosen to be â€Å"Ball and Stick† by right clicking the model. 2) Then to make the polymer the â€Å"Build Polymer† was selected from â€Å"Build† tab and chosen Current Project from library menu. Chain Length was re-arranged to 5 monomers to fit on screen for simulation purposes. 3) Click â€Å"Window† tab from Title Bar and chose â€Å"Tile Vertically† as Display Style. Then Click on any of the two pictures and right click and select â€Å"Display Style†, navigate to Legends tab and uncheck Show axis indicator. Then go to background and change it to White to comply with report’s page background. Follow the same instructions for the other picture also. 4) Then right click on any of the two pictures and chose â€Å"Label†, change the font to 16 and change text colour to Black, then chose â€Å"Element Symbol† from Properties and press close. Repeat this step for the other picture as well. 5) Select 3D viewer from the buttons above to fit to screen for both pictures and then from â€Å"File† click Export, change the format to â€Å".bmp† and save to simulations folder. 2.2 Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties 1) Now from the generated model choose the Polymer and go to â€Å"Modules† tab and choose second last option known as â€Å"Synthia†. From the setup adjust the temperature to 200-800 and steps to 60. 2) Then go to properties, Select all the properties with â€Å"CTRL A† and uncheck them and then only select Density from Thermo-physical Filter and Brittle Fracture Stress from Mechanical Filter. Then Calculate. Export the results as MS Excel file and save to simulations folder to be used later. 3.0 Results and Discussions All the results and there conclusions are mentioned here on. The results of simulation include effects of temperature on Glass Transition Temperature, Brittle Fracture Stress and Density. 3.1 Model Generation The model for simulation was generated with the following monomer (Pyrrole) having this structure (Figure 1.0): Figure 1.0 Structure of Pyrrole The monomer is made up of an aromatic ring which is an amine due to its bonding with NH group. The basic formula is C4H4NH. There is a delocalised pair of electrons on Nitrogen. At position 2, 3, 4 and 5 each carbon atom is bonded to one hydrogen atom. Positions 2-3 and 4-5 have double bonds between the carbon atoms. Although pyrrole belongs to an amine group but it has relatively low basicity because of the lone pair of electrons of Nitrogen in the aromatic ring. The monomers synthesis to form the polymer, Polypyrrole: Figure 1.1 Structure of Polypyrrole The polymer is synthesised in two manners, electrically and chemically. In Figure 1.1, a chain of 5 repeat units is used. The preferred bond formation in the aromatic ring occurs at position 2 and 5. In support to the Wan Der Walls forces, there is also hydrogen bonding of side chains between Nitrogen and Hydrogen thus forming a Branched structure of the polymer. Since the structure consists of Benzene ring so it gives the polymer a very rigid form. 3.2 Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties 3.2.1 Study on thermal property (Glass transition temperature, Tg) According to Notes by Mr Lim SC (2012), â€Å"Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) is the specific temperature at which a non-crystalline material changes it state from being Glassy/Brittle to being Ductile or rubbery.† With the help of Simulation, the following Results table was devised for Pyrrole.

Teachers Speech Essay Example for Free

Teachers Speech Essay Mr. Chairman, Honorable Proprietor and Headmaster, Mr. Commissioner distinguished staff members, co-aspirants, fellow students, ladies and gentlemen, I greet you all It has been observed by me in recent times, that there are many problems, which arise day in day out. I do not wish to make this entire problem known, because they give me an ill-feeling when I mention them. Nevertheless, for the sake of my manifesto, I am going to give an instance of a situation as an example. Comfortably seated lady and gentlemen, Imagine yourself being a teacher, you have just given an exercise which you were marking, or you are busily compiling your examination results. As you continue your task, one boy runs up to you and says â€Å"Sir, this boy has hit me with a ball† The lad is expecting you to leave your work and go and administer justice to his said trouble maker. If you were to be that teacher,what will your reaction towards the issue be? I do not suppose you would leave your work to attend to that issue; such problems should be left into the hands of the prefects. One of such prefects who play a major role in the school is the boys’ prefect. This is the reason why I want to take up this responsibility demanding position. Ladies and gentlemen, the voting is in your hands and it is your own decision. I am appealing to you all to vote for ..as your boys’ prefect, so that when this school gets a change of a lifetime, with the blare of a trumpet, we can all say that something has happened out of the blues. Once again, listen to the cry of your humble servant , vying for the post of the high office of the senior prefect of this humble institution. Now to my dear juniors who have been in a state of melancholy for so long a time due to ill-treatments and injustice meted out to them

Business Plan For New Retail Store In Tripura Marketing Essay

Business Plan For New Retail Store In Tripura Marketing Essay .The Indian retail industry is the fifth largest in the world. Comprising of organized and unorganized sectors, India retail industry is one of the fastest growing industries in India, especially over the last few years. Though initially, the retail industry in India was mostly unorganized, however with the change of tastes and preferences of the consumers, the industry is getting more popular these days and getting organized as well. With growing market demand, the industry is expected to grow at a pace of 25-30% annually. The India retail industry is expected to grow from Rs. 35,000 crore in 2004-05 to Rs. 109,000 crore by the year 2010. Environmental and economic scanning of Tripura Retail store format :-Convenience stores Store name:- Public point As we are planning to open retail store in the Dhalai District of Tripura as per the environmental and economic scanning is concerned of Tripura. The cities selected for the opening of the store are Dhalai District This district of Tripura is selected as this city is well developed in the terms of Infrastructure Income of the people are high Densely populated Better standard of living Economically sound Have developed urban market structure Socio political stability as the city selected in the Tripura for the opening of store is as free from any political barrier and social barrier as the opening of the store is as per the government policies and for the society. Thus to launch the store Tripura is selected and as per the format of the store the city is selected Dhalai city. Mission statement Our mission is to meet the present and future needs of our customers, employees and communities through a commitment to integrity, sound business, and cooperative growth. Objectives To implement a local campaign with the Companys targeted market via the use of flyers, local newspaper advertisements, and word of mouth advertising. To maintain large signage on the Convenience Stores premises to further increase visibility for the Companys location. About:- General Description Public point is a convenience retail store that provide such as candy, ice-cream, soft drinks, lottery tickets, cigarettes and other tobacco products, newspapers and magazines, along with a selection of processed food and perhaps some groceries. by providing maximum convenience, values and satisfaction to customers. Future We plan to expand the PP stores in various districts of Tripura  · North Tripura district  · South Tripura district  · West Tripura district  · Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Product services Alternative Snacks Ice Automotive Products Liquor Bait and Tackle Lottery/Gaming Beer Nonedible Grocery Candy Other Dairy Cigarettes Other Tobacco Cold Dispensed Beverages Packaged Beverages (Non-Alcohol) Edible Grocery Packaged Bread Fishing Licenses Packaged Ice Cream/Novelties Fluid Milk Products Packaged Sandwich/Deli Products Food Service Packaged Sweet Snacks Frozen Foods Perishable Grocery General Merchandise Publications Health and Beauty Care Salty Snacks Homemade Food Items Store Services Hot Dispensed Beverages Wine Services In house services like credit cashing, customer services E retailing Customization Online transaction Delivering Easy billing counters Marketing Plan Grocery and Restaurant Segment-To build name recognition and to announce the entry of the Store, we will offer a mail package consisting of a tri-fold brochure containing a coupon for a free cup of coffee to welcome our new customers. From those identified local residential customers we shall ask them to complete a survey and ask them of their perception of the store, any specific product or food items that they would like to see, etc. Those customers returning completed surveys would receive a gift or discount. Local Carryout Food Products-Local newspapers for advertising to build name recognition and to announce any weekly or monthly food specials will be introduced. The Store will develop a one-page menu/newsletter to be handed out to customers to take home with them as they visit the store. The menu/newsletter can be used to update clients on pricing and food special promotional developments, but also serves as a reminder of what sets the Store apart-homemade quality and freshness. The newsletter would contain fishing area hot spot information and other tips. The menu/ newsletter can be produced in-house and for the cost of paper and computer time. Publicity and Public Relations-A news release will be sent to area newspapers and magazines announcing the launch of the Public point. Becoming a sponsor in a community event is a low-cost way of increasing awareness and building goodwill in the community. Customer Reward Program-For the carryout customer and as a means of building business by word-of-mouth, present customers should be encouraged and rewarded as repeat customers. This can be accomplished by offering a free lunch meal, by raffle of a weekly customer business card or name slip as a means to generate excitement. Advertising-Advertising is utilized primarily to attract new customers. It also serves to build awareness and name recognition of the company in general-important for word-of-mouth referrals (Oh yes, Ive seen their ads before). Market Analysis Forces and trends in the market environment affect the Public point, like all businesses. These include economic, competitive, technology, and recordkeeping issues. Economic Environment-Positive forces include the generally prosperous economy that is currently in place, full employment, rising wages and low inflation, leading more people and businesses to be willing to purchase prepared foods rather than preparing meal from scratch at home. Competitive analysis the competitor analyzed in the field are street convenience stores, etc .Thus all the strategy made for promotion and pricing should be as per the competitors. Technology and Recordkeeping Environment-Use of computerized scales and cash registers will capture and generate accounting/inventory detail. Computer programs greatly simplify the financial recordkeeping and tax preparation with which all businesses must comply. Operational plan Positioning and Product Strategy: The Store will aim to attract area resident and lake enthusiasts who need convenience food items or personal health staples, carryout food items, and tackle/bait needs. Distribution Strategy: Customers can contact the Store by telephone, fax, and by dropping in. The Stores nearest competitors are five miles around the lake in either direction. The store can stock request items for regular area residents. Demographic features(to know about the potential customer in that area, metropolitan statistical area) Competition(to know about the competitors and how they far from my retail store) Strategic fit(to must know about the preferences and tastes of potential customer) No. of small shops in that area Economy of scale SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT FOR THE RETAIL STORE Store management chart Financial Plan Requirement There is a need of 1 crore to get our business started. If customer footing is good, products and services according to customer preference and tastes then we will plan to open new convenience stores in various districts of Tripura. Use of fund Funds will be used to pay renovation,construction,sales counter,painting,carpeting,lighting,dà ©cor display fixtures.we will also purchase inventory , cash register and computer equipments and also an inventory management systemThe remainder of the start up fund will be utilised to cover operating expenses such as rent,utility,marketing cost and wages. Capital Summary Overview (in lakhs) Land, Building, and Improvements 20 Equipment Installation Expenses 20 Development Expense (detail below) 51 First Quarter Working Capital (Mortgage, labor, and operating expense) 2 Total 93 Lakhs *Developmental Start-Up Expenses Detail Marketing, Advertising, and Promotion 6 Accounting 2 Permitting Legal and Consulting 10 Association Dues Office Expense Start-Up .50 Engineering and Architect Fees 1.5 Bags and Supplies .5 Beginning Inventory 30 Unforeseen Contingency .5 Total Owners Equity Contribution to Date $54,675

Air Resistance on a Fan Car :: science

Air Resistance on a Fan Car Problem: When a large fan is blowing air against the fan car at three different speeds (high, medium, and low), then will the overall speed be lowered? Materials:  · Fan car (K’NEX pieces, small, battery-powered fan, wheels with tires)  · AA batteries  · Large 3-speed fan  · Timer  · Masking tape Process: 1. Load two AA batteries into the fan that is attached to the K’NEX car. 2. Mark a starting line and a finish line two meters away from each other with small pieces of masking tape. 3. Plug in the large fan and place it approximately 5 centimeters away from the finish line. 4. Place the fan car on the starting line with the small fan facing opposite the large fan. 5. For the first test, test the amount of resistance when the large fan is off. 6. Turn the small fan on and time how long it takes for it to reach the finish line with the timer. 7. Repeat this test for three trails and record times and observations. 8. For the second test, put the large fan on a low setting and time the fan car’s progress. 9. Repeat this test for three trails and record observations and results. 10. On the third test, switch the large fan to the medium setting and time. 11. Repeat the test three more times and record observations and times. 12. For the last test, turn the fan on the highest setting and time the fan car. 13. Record observations and organize all trails and times into a table and find the average time of each trail. Observations: In this particular lab there weren’t many things that I observed, though I will state the small amount that I did. I saw that there was a slight incline on the surface that we were testing the car on. I also observed that the wheel alignment kept making the car veer off to the right. When the small and large fans were on I could hear their engines going. And when I turned the small fan off I found that it was very warm in my hands. Hypothesis: If the fan car goes up against the wind provided by the large fan, then the car will go slower with increasing resistance, because there is more opposition between the two with every increase of speed. Data/Results: I organized my times, trails, and averages into a table and a graph to present my information. Results Chart Setting Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Average Time Distance Speed Air Resistance on a Fan Car :: science Air Resistance on a Fan Car Problem: When a large fan is blowing air against the fan car at three different speeds (high, medium, and low), then will the overall speed be lowered? Materials:  · Fan car (K’NEX pieces, small, battery-powered fan, wheels with tires)  · AA batteries  · Large 3-speed fan  · Timer  · Masking tape Process: 1. Load two AA batteries into the fan that is attached to the K’NEX car. 2. Mark a starting line and a finish line two meters away from each other with small pieces of masking tape. 3. Plug in the large fan and place it approximately 5 centimeters away from the finish line. 4. Place the fan car on the starting line with the small fan facing opposite the large fan. 5. For the first test, test the amount of resistance when the large fan is off. 6. Turn the small fan on and time how long it takes for it to reach the finish line with the timer. 7. Repeat this test for three trails and record times and observations. 8. For the second test, put the large fan on a low setting and time the fan car’s progress. 9. Repeat this test for three trails and record observations and results. 10. On the third test, switch the large fan to the medium setting and time. 11. Repeat the test three more times and record observations and times. 12. For the last test, turn the fan on the highest setting and time the fan car. 13. Record observations and organize all trails and times into a table and find the average time of each trail. Observations: In this particular lab there weren’t many things that I observed, though I will state the small amount that I did. I saw that there was a slight incline on the surface that we were testing the car on. I also observed that the wheel alignment kept making the car veer off to the right. When the small and large fans were on I could hear their engines going. And when I turned the small fan off I found that it was very warm in my hands. Hypothesis: If the fan car goes up against the wind provided by the large fan, then the car will go slower with increasing resistance, because there is more opposition between the two with every increase of speed. Data/Results: I organized my times, trails, and averages into a table and a graph to present my information. Results Chart Setting Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Average Time Distance Speed

Endangered species Act :: essays research papers

We have to put a stop to this and weaken the power that the Edangered Species Act has on us. People are getting laid off there jobs and millions of our tax dollars are being spent on the Endangered Species Act (ESA)all the time. Is it worth all of this for these endandered species. Must humans suffer and lose there jobs and houses over a few insects? Laws for the ESA are taking peoples property and fineing them because endangered species live on their property.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A person is legally barred from using certain measures to protect his property from protected wild animals. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and state hunting bans, involves protected birds that feed on private crops or forage. Another situation, arising under the ESA, involves protected predators (wolves, grizzly bears) that kill private livestock that people have to make a living on. These people can not do a thing because of the ESA. So what do they do Just let their live stock or crops get eaten up by these endangered species?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ESA’s power is hurting us all the time. For enstance the construction of the San Bernardino Medical Center in California was delayed for years because of a large orange and black fly called the Delhi Sands flower-loving fly. In order for the Medical Center to be built the City of San Bernardino had to spend $3,310,199 so eight flies could live. The site of the Hospital had to be moved 250 feet from it origanal location. Then the City of San Bernardino had to spend another $480,000 for the study of the flies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I do not understand. These people rather help out flies then ourselfs. They wanted to make a medical center. A center to help people, humanbeingget better. But what do we care about more. Some Delhi Sands flower-loving fly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ESA really target large property owners. In 1990 Brandt Child bought 500 acres of property in Utah. The next year in 1991, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service told him he he could not build on his own property because the lakes on it were inhabited by 200,000 federally protected thumbnail-sized Kanab ambersnails.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thats not all, After they found 10 domestic geeses near the lakes and ponds. They told Mr. Child that if any of the snails get eaten by the geese it was a $50,000 fine for every sail. Mr. Child to this day is still out $2.5 million. Due to the fact that he can't use his property, and the government refuses to compensate him for his loss.

Essay --

Friendship is the best thing among humans, but sometimes it can be used in a wrong way that could betray someone. In the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, friendship is not what it appears to be. It is easy to manipulate friendship with trickery. Cassius, Brutus, and all the other conspirators knew that they could use this to their benefit. The conspirators used friendship to blind Caesar from what was real happening. It was not friendship that was the cause of Caesar demise, but it was dishonesty. Also they used flattery along with other manipulation to get rid of any thoughts of distrust that Caesar may have had about their honesty. These are the ways one to gain someone’s trust. Friendship can be a wonderful part of life, but if it is not true friendship in which people are open and honest with each other, then it can turn into a very bad thing, sometimes even death. This friendship would soon be lost into disloyalty with Caesar’s assassination. Even though Caesar murdered by Brutus and Cassius, friendship still was a strong subject because it hided conspirator’s real pu...

Florida International University: Intermediate Finance

FIN 3414 (Intermediate Financial Management) Sample TEST   At anytime during the test, you can’t have anything other than your test, pencil, eraser, calculator and formula sheet on your desk. 3. ABSOLUTELY NO QUESTIONS/TALKING DURING EXAMINATION 4. Don’t forget to hand in your Formula Sheet. 5. Read, write your name and sign below. , I solemnly declare that I will not cheat or help others in cheat in the examination SIGNATURE PART I There are 15 questions in the first part, answer all of them. 1. The sum of an infinite geometric series ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦up to ? is a. a(1 – rn) for r ? 1 1 – r b. a(1 – rn+1) for r ? 1 1 – r c. a for r < 1 1– r d. ar for r < 1 1 – r e. None of the above 2. Consider the following series S = 10 + 10 + †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 (1. 06) (1. 06)2 (1. 06)100The sum of this series is a. 10 { 1 – ( 1/ 1. 06)100 } 1. 06 b. 10 { 1 – ( 1/ 1. 06)100 } (1. 06)100 0. 6 (10)1 00 c. 10 { 1 – ( 1/ 1. 06)100 } 0. 06 d. 10 { 1 – ( 1/ 1. 06)101 } 0. 06 e. 10 { 1 – ( 1/ 1. 06)101 } (1. 06) 0. 06 3. What is the future value of $10. 30 (deposited a year from now) at the end of 20 years, assuming the simple rate of interest is 0. 5 percent? (Answer correct within 2 cents) a. $ 11. 28 b. $ 11. 33 c. $ 21. 12 d. $1,091. 80 e. None of the above 4. In how many years an amount will double if the simple rate of interest is 1 percent? Answer correct within 2) a. 10 years b. Never c. 1000 years d. 100 years e. 139 years 5. What is the future value of $ 50 in 20 years if the rates of interest are 12 percent for the first six years, 11 percent for next 5 years and 10 percent for the remaining period? (Answer correct within one dollar) a. $ 336. 37 b. $ 406. 23 c. $ 392. 13 d. $ 413. 91 e. None of the above 6. You will receive $160 in the beginning of year 89. What is its present value at the beginning of 87 if the rate of interest is 13 percent? Answer correct within 50 cents) a. $ 141. 59 b. $ 110. 89 c. $ 125. 30 d. $ 153. 91 e. None of the above 7. In how many years $ 100. 69 will become $ 382. 42 if the rate of interest is 6. 9 percent (Answer correct within 0. 5) a. 21 years b. 20 years c. 14. 6 years d. 15. 6 years e. None of the above 8. Suppose you deposit $385. 54 at the beginning of each year for 10 years.Find the future value of these deposits at the end of year 11 if the rate of interest is 10 percent compounded annually (Correct within five dollars) a. $6145 b. $6010 c. $6759 d. $7435 e. None of the above 9. You deposited $100 three years ago in the First National Bank. Today the balance in your account is $140. If First National Bank offers quarterly compounding, compute: (Assume 360 days in a year) (1) the annual nominal rate of interest; (2) the annual effective rate of interest.Answer in the order of 1, 2 a. 11, 12 b. 12. 6, 13. 2 c. 11. 37, 11. 86 d. 11. 68, 11. 99 e. None of the above 10. ABC Corporation expect s to earn $200,000 at the end of the year and projects a growth in earnings of 5 percent per year. If k is 10 percent, what is the present value of the earnings if it expects the growth forever a. $200,000( 0. 10 – 0. 05)-1 b. $200,000( 0. 05)-1 c. $4,000,000 d. All of the above e. None of the above 11. You will deposit $ 20 per month beginning of each month beginning today in an account that pays a monthly rate of interest of 8. 21 percent. How long will it take for your account to have $980? (Correct within 0. 3) a. 20 months b. 19 months c. 21 months d. 18 months e. None of the above 12. Mr. I. M. Smart started depositing $ A in an account that paid 12 percent rate of interest per year. After 21 annual deposits his account had $23864. 20. The present value of the annuity of $A is (Correct within 5 dollars) a. $2474 b. $1193. 21 c. PV of this annuity cannot be obtained because the value of $A is not given d. $2209 e. None of the above 13. Mr. & Mrs. Debt deposited $1000, $2 000 and $2000 at the beginning of years 1, 2 and 3 .The rates of interest during the years were 0. 12, 0. 15 and 0. 20. Obtain the present value of these deposits if the interest is compounded monthly? (Correct within $ 2) a. $6000 b. $6854 c. $5854 d. $6890 e. None of the above 14. If equal withdrawals of $20 at the end of each day with the initial investment of $200 are made, the number of days required to exhaust the amount, if the rate of interest is 10 percent per day, will be (assume 365 days in a year) a. The amount will never be exhausted . 7. 275 c. Cannot be solved because the calculator gives an error message d. Looks like the answer will be within 8 to 10 days e. None of the above 15. Mr. John P. L. K. Prabhakara Rao deposited $100 in an account that pays 20 percent rate of interest- compounded monthly. He intends to keep the account for 20 years. The effective rate of interest his account is earning is (answer correct within 0. 02) a. 22. 14 percent b. 20. 06 percent c. 21. 94 percent d. Only a person with this kind of name will keep the account for 20 years e. None of the abovePART II There are two questions in this part, answer all of them. 1. You need to set up a college fund at birth for your child that will pay $60,000 at age 18. k=12%. (a) How much must you deposit at the end of each year with annual compounding (b) How much must you deposit at the end of each month with monthly compounding (c) What will be the payments if they are at the beginning of the year (18 payments)? 2. Assume today is Oct, 4th 2012 and you are planning to deposit $100 every January 1st for five years. Assuming the rate of interest is 12% compounded monthly, a. What is the present value of the deposits today?